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基于視覺(jué)標(biāo)志檢測(cè)的旋翼無(wú)人機(jī)姿態(tài)估計(jì)方法
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國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(61763037、61663034)和內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2017MS0601)


Pose Estimation Method of Rotor UAV Based on Visual Mark Detection
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    摘要:

    為了使旋翼無(wú)人機(jī)快速、精確、自主降落到地面著陸平臺(tái),提出一種基于視覺(jué)標(biāo)志檢測(cè)的無(wú)人機(jī)姿態(tài)估計(jì)方法。首先,利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)直升機(jī)停機(jī)坪的幾何特征,采用標(biāo)志五步提取算法從機(jī)載攝像頭采集的圖像中獲取視覺(jué)標(biāo)志;為了滿(mǎn)足無(wú)人機(jī)自主著陸過(guò)程的快速性和實(shí)時(shí)性,提出一種基于距離三點(diǎn)法的角點(diǎn)檢測(cè)算法,得到H形標(biāo)志的12個(gè)角點(diǎn);然后,通過(guò)對(duì)角點(diǎn)分類(lèi)、編號(hào),并與參考圖像中的對(duì)應(yīng)角點(diǎn)進(jìn)行匹配,解算出包含相對(duì)姿態(tài)信息的單應(yīng)矩陣;最后,應(yīng)用直接線(xiàn)性變換(Direct linear transformation, DLT)分解單應(yīng)矩陣得到無(wú)人機(jī)的姿態(tài)角,并依據(jù)相機(jī)成像的相似三角形原理計(jì)算出無(wú)人機(jī)相對(duì)于視覺(jué)標(biāo)志的位置,解決了單目相機(jī)尺度不確定性問(wèn)題。通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)平臺(tái)模擬無(wú)人機(jī)不同飛行狀態(tài)下的姿態(tài)并進(jìn)行估計(jì),對(duì)提出算法的實(shí)時(shí)性和準(zhǔn)確性進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:本文算法的平均執(zhí)行時(shí)間為307.2ms,位置估計(jì)的最大均方根誤差為0.0062m,姿態(tài)角估計(jì)的最大均方根誤差為0.313°,滿(mǎn)足無(wú)人機(jī)自主著陸的準(zhǔn)確性和實(shí)時(shí)性要求。

    Abstract:

    In order to make the rotor UAV land on the ground platform quickly and accurately, a pose estimation method based on visual mark detection was proposed. Firstly, based on the geometric features of the standard helipad, a five-step landmark extraction algorithm was used to obtain the visual landmarks from the images captured by the airborne camera. In order to satisfy the rapid and real-time requirements of UAV autonomous landing process, a distance-based three-point corner detection algorithm was proposed, and 12 H-shaped corners were obtained. Then, by classifying and numbering the corners, the corners of the visual mark in the current image were matched with the corresponding corners in the reference image, and the homography matrix containing the pose information was calculated. Finally, the attitude angle of UAV was obtained by decomposing homography matrix with direct linear transformation (DLT), and the position of UAV relative to visual mark was calculated according to the similar triangle formed by camera imaging. The real-time performance and accuracy of the proposed methodology were proved by simulating the pose of UAV in different flight states on an experiment platform. The outcomes showed that the average running time of the given algorithm was 307.2ms, the maximum root mean square error (RMSE) of position estimation was 0.0062m, and the maximum RMSE of attitude angle estimation was 0.313°, which can satisfy the requirements of accuracy and real-time in the autonomous landing process.

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齊詠生,孟學(xué)斌,高學(xué)金,張麗杰.基于視覺(jué)標(biāo)志檢測(cè)的旋翼無(wú)人機(jī)姿態(tài)估計(jì)方法[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2019,50(6):28-40,139. QI Yongsheng, MENG Xuebin, GAO Xuejin, ZHANG Lijie. Pose Estimation Method of Rotor UAV Based on Visual Mark Detection[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2019,50(6):28-40,139.

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  • 收稿日期:2018-11-02
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  • 在線(xiàn)發(fā)布日期: 2019-06-10
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