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Regional landscape ecological quality assessment and research of its spatial and temporal differentiation would help to locate regional ecological function, optimize resource allocation and maintain regional sustainable development. The evaluation index system of landscape ecological quality was constructed on the basis of landscape quality and ecological quality, which covered eight comprehensive indexes. Based on GIS and GeoDa platform, the weight of indexes were determined by using the mixed model of AHP and mean variance decision method, the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the landscape ecological quality were studied in the village of Chaohu Basin during 2005—2010 in the context of rapid urbanization from the aspects of gradation and index difference, the spatial autocorrelation method was used to analyze the spatial differentiation and aggregation characteristics and the corresponding ecological planning suggestions were put forward. The results showed that the landscape ecological quality in the Chaohu Basin was mainly stable in 2005—2010, but its local degradation was 28.61% and 29.90% respectively higher than that of improvement in ratio of villages’ number and area, in which the western part of the study area was improved and the north, east and south parts were degraded. From the index difference of landscape ecological quality, the degraded area of landscape ecological quality in 2010 accounted for 7865% of the study area compared with 2005, and distributed densely in the north, northeast, east and south of the study area and sporadically in the west. The spatial agglomeration of landscape ecological quality, which was stronger in 2005, was decreased with time from 2005 to 2010. According to the characteristic zoning of high-high, low-low, high-low and low-high zones in the two phases, some related planning suggestions were put forward in the aspects of ecological land protection, industrial layout optimization, land use and low efficiency industrial land control, green infrastructure and ecological corridor. The research results can provide a scientific reference for the regional ecological landscape planning, ecological management and protection, and the sustainable development of landscape ecosystem.