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休閑期耕作覆蓋對馬鈴薯苗期生理生態(tài)與產(chǎn)量的影響
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國家自然科學基金項目(31860362、31760370)和寧夏自然科學基金項目(2019AAC03058)


Effects of Tillage with Mulching during Fallow Period on Physiological Ecology in Seedling Stage and Yield of Potato in Dry-farming Areas
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    摘要:

    為解決馬鈴薯苗期干旱的問題,針對寧夏南部旱作區(qū)季節(jié)性干旱特點,在2013—2015年秋作物收獲后,通過設置不同耕作覆蓋措施,分析休閑期土壤蓄水保墑效應和馬鈴薯苗期土壤水溫變化特征,研究不同耕作覆蓋措施對馬鈴薯苗期生長、生理指標及馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量的影響。結果表明,同一耕作方式下,地膜和秸稈覆蓋處理對改善土壤水溫狀況、降低馬鈴薯葉片抗氧化酶活性、促進苗期生長和提高塊莖產(chǎn)量均有顯著影響,且耕作與覆蓋交互作用存在顯著差異。在兩年休閑末期和馬鈴薯苗期,同一耕作方式下地膜和秸稈覆蓋處理0~200cm土層平均土壤蓄水量較不覆蓋處理分別顯著增加5.1%、7.3%和10.5%、9.2%。馬鈴薯苗期,同一耕作方式下地膜覆蓋顯著提高0~25cm土層土壤溫度1.9℃,而秸稈覆蓋顯著降低土壤溫度3.4℃。與不覆蓋處理相比,地膜和秸稈覆蓋處理可獲得較低的葉片抗氧化酶活性,能更有效增加苗期出苗率、株高和生物量積累,從而顯著提高馬鈴薯塊莖產(chǎn)量。在所有的處理組合中,深松結合秸稈覆蓋處理具有較高的平均馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量和商品薯率,較傳統(tǒng)耕作不覆蓋處理分別顯著提高40.0%和14.9%。因此,考慮寧夏南部旱作區(qū)氣候和環(huán)境條件的可行性,深松結合秸稈覆蓋措施有利于馬鈴薯抗旱保苗和塊莖產(chǎn)量的提高,可在該地區(qū)應用推廣。

    Abstract:

    According to the characteristics of seasonal drought happened in order to solve the potato drought resistance problem such as green shoots, seedling drought, after the autumn crop harvest in dry-farming areas of Southern Ningxia during 2013—2015, a field experiment was conducted to study the different tillage with mulching measures on soil water conservation effect during the fallow period, soil water and temperature, growth and physiological characteristic during the seedling stage of potato, and tuber yield and components. The treatments comprised three tillage systems in the main plots, i.e., no-tillage, subsoiling and plowing tillage, and three mulching methods in the subplots, i.e., plastic-film mulch, straw mulch and no mulch, which were in a replicated split plot design. The results showed that among the tillage systems, the polythene film and straw mulch significantly influenced the soil water and temperature status storage, the leaf protective enzyme activity was decreased, potato seedling growth was promoted, and tuber yield was increased. Meanwhile, the significant differences were found in the interaction of tillage and mulching. In the late terminal fallow period, among the same tillage methods, the mean soil water storages (0~200cm) in the polythene film and straw mulch plots were significantly increased by 5.1% and 7.3%, respectively, compared with no mulching plot. The soil water storage was significantly 10.5% and 9.2% higher during potato seedling growth in the polythene film and straw mulch treatments than that of the no mulching treatment. Among the same tillage methods, the polythene film mulch significantly increased the mean topsoil (0~25cm) temperature by 1.9℃, whereas the straw mulch significantly reduced the soil temperature by 3.4℃ during emergence. Meanwhile, the film and straw mulch were more effective at increasing the emergence, plant height and biomass accumulation at potato seedling stage, compared with NM. Among all the treatment combinations, the highest mean potato tuber yields and commodity rates were obtained under the case of subsoiling in combination with straw mulch, which were significantly higher by 40.0% and 14.9% than that of conventional tillage in combination with no mulch. Therefore, in consideration of climatic and environmental feasibility, the subsoiling combined with straw mulch was a more favorable farming practice for drought resistance in seedlings and for increasing potato production, and it had a great potential to be adopted in the dry-farming areas of southern Ningxia.

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侯賢清,李榮,馬菲,王全旺.休閑期耕作覆蓋對馬鈴薯苗期生理生態(tài)與產(chǎn)量的影響[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機械學報,2020,51(7):263-273. HOU Xianqing, LI Rong, MA Fei, WANG Quanwang. Effects of Tillage with Mulching during Fallow Period on Physiological Ecology in Seedling Stage and Yield of Potato in Dry-farming Areas[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2020,51(7):263-273.

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  • 收稿日期:2019-10-22
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  • 在線發(fā)布日期: 2020-07-10
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